THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION EXAMINATION
HISTORY
FORM FOUR
CODE 012
TIME: 3 HOURS YEAR:2026
INSTRUCTIONS
1. This paper consists of three sections: A, B and C.
2. The paper consists of eleven (11) questions.
3. Answer all questions in Sections A and B.
4. Answer two (2) questions from Section C.
5. Write your answers clearly and show all necessary explanations.
6. Where appropriate, give relevant historical examples.
SECTION A: OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Answer all questions in this section.
1. Choose the correct answer for each of the following items.
(i) Which source of history involves information obtained from people through interviews and oral traditions?
A. Written records
B. Oral traditions
C. Archaeological remains
D. Linguistic evidence
(ii) The economic system based on the exchange of goods for goods is known as:
A. Capitalism
B. Barter system
C. Socialism
D. Mercantilism
(iii) Which European country colonized Tanganyika?
A. France
B. Britain
C. Germany
D. Portugal
(iv) The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 was mainly concerned with:
A. Ending the First World War
B. Partition and colonization of Africa
C. Formation of the League of Nations
D. Abolition of slave trade
(v) The Maji Maji uprising took place mainly in:
A. Northern Tanganyika
B. Central Tanganyika
C. Southern Tanganyika
D. Western Tanganyika
(vi) Which organization was formed in 1963 to promote African unity?
A. NATO
B. OAU
C. UN
D. EAC
(5 marks)
2. Match the items in List A with the corresponding responses in List B.
LIST A
(i) Karl Marx
(ii) Adolf Hitler
(iii) Julius Nyerere
(iv) Kwame Nkrumah
(v) Nelson Mandela
LIST B
A. First President of Ghana
B. Leader of the Nazi Party
C. Leader associated with Ujamaa
D. Anti-apartheid leader
E. Socialist thinker and writer
F. British Prime Minister
G. Portuguese explorer
(5 marks)
SECTION B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Answer all questions in this section.
3.
(a) Define the term history.
(b) Mention four sources of historical information.
(c) Explain three reasons for studying history.
4.
(a) What was the trans-Atlantic slave trade?
(b) State four factors that contributed to the growth of the slave trade in Africa.
(c) Mention three effects of the slave trade on African societies.
5.
(a) What is colonialism?
(b) State four methods used by Europeans to establish colonial rule in Africa.
(c) Give four reasons why African societies resisted colonial rule.
6.
(a) Define nationalism.
(b) Mention four factors that contributed to the rise of African nationalism.
(c) State three roles played by political parties in the struggle for independence.
7.
(a) What is indirect rule?
(b) State four reasons why colonial powers used indirect rule.
(c) Give three weaknesses of indirect rule in Africa.
8.
(a) Define the term independence.
(b) Mention four challenges faced by African countries after independence.
(c) State three measures adopted by African countries to promote national development.
9.
(a) What was the Cold War?
(b) Name four countries that belonged to the Western bloc during the Cold War.
(c) Mention three effects of the Cold War on African countries.
SECTION C: ESSAY AND COMPETENCE-BASED QUESTIONS
Answer any two questions from this section.
10. During colonial rule, African societies experienced major political, economic and social changes.
(a) Explain four economic changes introduced by colonial governments in Africa.
(b) Explain four political changes introduced during colonial rule.
(c) Explain four ways in which colonial rule affected African social life.
(d) Give four reasons why some Africans collaborated with colonial rulers.
11. After gaining independence, African countries adopted different strategies to solve political, economic and social problems.
(a) Explain four major problems faced by newly independent African states.
(b) Explain four strategies used by African governments to promote economic development.
(c) Explain four achievements of African countries after independence.
(d) Suggest four lessons that African countries can learn from their post-independence experiences.
HISTORY FORM FOUR
CSEE/NECTA-STYLE PRACTICE EXAMINATION
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A
1.
(i) B — Oral traditions
(ii) B — Barter system
(iii) C — Germany
(iv) B — Partition and colonization of Africa
(v) C — Southern Tanganyika
(vi) B — OAU
2.
(i) E — Karl Marx — Socialist thinker and writer
(ii) B — Adolf Hitler — Leader of the Nazi Party
(iii) C — Julius Nyerere — Leader associated with Ujamaa
(iv) A — Kwame Nkrumah — First President of Ghana
(v) D — Nelson Mandela — Anti-apartheid leader
SECTION B
3.
(a) History is the study of past human activities and events and their changes over time. — 1 mark
(b) Any four:
(i) Oral traditions
(ii) Written records
(iii) Archaeological remains
(iv) Historical sites
(v) Linguistic evidence
(vi) Museums
(vii) Anthropological evidence
— 4 marks
(c) Any three:
(i) Helps people understand their past.
(ii) Promotes national identity and patriotism.
(iii) Helps people learn from past experiences.
(iv) Helps explain present social and political conditions.
(v) Helps preserve cultural heritage.
— 3 marks
4.
(a) The trans-Atlantic slave trade was the forced transportation and sale of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean, particularly to the Americas. — 1 mark
(b) Any four:
(i) Demand for labour in plantations and mines.
(ii) European development of plantation agriculture.
(iii) Development of European overseas colonies.
(iv) African participation in capturing and selling enslaved people.
(v) Availability of firearms and other trade goods.
(vi) Profits obtained from the trade.
— 4 marks
(c) Any three:
(i) Depopulation of many areas.
(ii) Separation of families.
(iii) Political instability.
(iv) Development of some long-distance trading centres.
(v) Increased warfare and insecurity.
(vi) Economic disruption.
— 3 marks
5.
(a) Colonialism is the political, economic and social control of one country or territory by another more powerful country. — 1 mark
(b) Any four:
(i) Military conquest.
(ii) Signing of treaties.
(iii) Use of missionaries.
(iv) Use of traders and commercial companies.
(v) Diplomatic agreements.
(vi) Divide-and-rule tactics.
(vii) Use of African collaborators.
— 4 marks
(c) Any four:
(i) Defence of political independence.
(ii) Protection of land.
(iii) Opposition to forced labour.
(iv) Opposition to taxation.
(v) Protection of African culture.
(vi) Opposition to economic exploitation.
(vii) Defence of traditional authority.
— 4 marks
6.
(a) Nationalism is the political consciousness and desire of a people to achieve or protect national independence and self-government. — 1 mark
(b) Any four:
(i) Colonial exploitation.
(ii) Racial discrimination.
(iii) Western education.
(iv) Growth of African educated elites.
(v) Formation of political organizations.
(vi) Pan-Africanism.
(vii) Impact of the Second World War.
(viii) Influence of independent countries.
— 4 marks
(c) Any three:
(i) Mobilized African populations.
(ii) Demanded political rights.
(iii) Organized protests and campaigns.
(iv) Negotiated with colonial governments.
(v) Prepared leaders for self-government.
(vi) Educated people about independence.
— 3 marks
7.
(a) Indirect rule was a system in which colonial governments administered African territories through existing traditional rulers under colonial supervision. — 1 mark
(b) Any four:
(i) Shortage of European administrators.
(ii) Lower cost of administration.
(iii) Easier control of large territories.
(iv) Use of existing political structures.
(v) Reduction of resistance.
(vi) Use of local knowledge.
— 4 marks
(c) Any three:
(i) Weakened traditional authority in some areas.
(ii) Created conflicts between traditional rulers and their subjects.
(iii) Favoured some ethnic or political groups.
(iv) Promoted divide-and-rule policies.
(v) Traditional rulers lost much of their independence.
— 3 marks
8.
(a) Independence is the condition in which a country governs itself without being controlled by another country. — 1 mark
(b) Any four:
(i) Poverty.
(ii) Illiteracy.
(iii) Shortage of skilled personnel.
(iv) Poor infrastructure.
(v) Weak industries.
(vi) Dependence on primary commodity exports.
(vii) Political instability.
(viii) Disease and inadequate health services.
— 4 marks
(c) Any three:
(i) Expansion of education.
(ii) Development of industries.
(iii) Construction of roads and other infrastructure.
(iv) Expansion of health services.
(v) Agricultural development.
(vi) Promotion of regional cooperation.
— 3 marks
9.
(a) The Cold War was a prolonged political, military and ideological rivalry mainly between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies after the Second World War. — 2 marks
(b) Any four:
(i) United States
(ii) Britain
(iii) France
(iv) West Germany
(v) Canada
(vi) Italy
— 4 marks
(c) Any three:
(i) African countries became involved in proxy conflicts.
(ii) Foreign powers supported different political groups.
(iii) Military aid increased in some countries.
(iv) Political instability occurred in some regions.
(v) Some African countries received economic and military assistance.
(vi) African states sometimes became divided according to ideological alliances.
— 3 marks
SECTION C
10.
(a) Any four economic changes:
(i) Introduction of cash-crop production.
(ii) Development of mines for export.
(iii) Construction of railways and roads mainly to facilitate trade.
(iv) Introduction of taxation.
(v) Introduction of wage labour.
(vi) Land alienation.
(vii) Expansion of commercial trade.
— 4 marks
(b) Any four political changes:
(i) Establishment of colonial administrations.
(ii) Creation of new administrative boundaries.
(iii) Introduction of colonial legal systems.
(iv) Reduction of traditional political powers.
(v) Appointment of chiefs and other local officials.
(vi) Introduction of taxation and other government regulations.
(vii) Formation of new political institutions.
— 4 marks
(c) Any four social effects:
(i) Expansion of Western education.
(ii) Spread of Christianity and Islam in some areas.
(iii) Growth of towns.
(iv) Introduction of new languages and cultural practices.
(v) Changes in family and labour patterns.
(vi) Development of new social classes.
(vii) Introduction of Western health facilities.
— 4 marks
(d) Any four reasons for collaboration:
(i) Desire to gain political positions.
(ii) Protection of personal interests.
(iii) Access to firearms and other benefits.
(iv) Rivalry with neighbouring groups.
(v) Expectation of economic benefits.
(vi) Fear of military defeat.
(vii) Belief that cooperation would protect their communities.
— 4 marks
TOTAL: 16 MARKS
11.
(a) Any four:
(i) Poverty.
(ii) Illiteracy.
(iii) Unemployment.
(iv) Poor infrastructure.
(v) Shortage of skilled labour.
(vi) Economic dependence.
(vii) Political instability.
(viii) Rapid population growth.
— 4 marks
(b) Any four:
(i) Promotion of agriculture.
(ii) Establishment of industries.
(iii) Expansion of education.
(iv) Development of transport infrastructure.
(v) Nationalization of some major economic sectors.
(vi) Promotion of regional cooperation.
(vii) Development of health services.
(viii) Promotion of tourism.
— 4 marks
(c) Any four:
(i) Expansion of access to education.
(ii) Improvement of health services.
(iii) Development of roads and communication networks.
(iv) Establishment of national institutions.
(v) Expansion of higher education.
(vi) Growth of industries in some countries.
(vii) Strengthening of African regional organizations.
(viii) Increased participation of Africans in government.
— 4 marks
(d) Any four:
(i) Good governance is important for development.
(ii) Education and skills development are essential.
(iii) Economic diversification reduces dependence on a few exports.
(iv) Regional cooperation can support economic development.
(v) Proper management of natural resources is important.
(vi) Political stability supports development.
(vii) Infrastructure investment is necessary for economic growth.
(viii) Citizen participation can strengthen national development.
— 4 marks
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